Essay Sample Why I Hate Christmas

Christmas is commonly considered the most beloved holiday. ‘Tis the season to be jolly, to get cozy together with your nearest and dearest†¦ However, more and more people exchange this sentiment for quite the opposite: they hate the season. And, frankly speaking, it’s not out of sheer meanness, to my mind. Like all kids, I used to enjoy Advent and Christmas immensely. Playing in the snow with friends for hours, reading books with a cup of hot cocoa or finding little treasures in the Advent calendar my grandmother made for me – it was all part of Christmas spirit. Now, however, I have mixed emotions – I find quite a lot of things annoying, spoiling the impression of the picture-perfect festive season. I feel Christmas is becoming more of a show and much less of a festival with deeper meaning. First of all, I’d like to ask you: aren’t you annoyed by the amount of obnoxious Christmas ads everywhere, from the Net to any shopping mall? Doll-like angels and reindeer, baubles and candy canes, stars and snow flurries start pouring out of web banners, leaflets and billboards in October, if not earlier. It’s also not at all infrequent for malls to put up Christmas trees and decorating shop windows with Christmas ornaments while it’s still autumn. I’ve noticed that being overwhelmed by such amounts of decoration – being, literally, haunted by Christmas symbols since fall – makes you so fed up with these visuals that when December finally comes, all the festive splendor is already a blur. I’m convinced that people don’t really need to be reminded that Christmas is in four months – they remember it quite well by themselves. And they will go to malls and buy those pretty blankets which are a special offer anyway, be cause they know they’ll need them as gifts in several weeks’ time, but not just because there’s a cardboard reindeer prancing around the shelf. Speaking of the latter, many people find that Christmas is becoming more and more about commerce, losing touch with its essence. No one is denouncing the spiritual meaning of Christmas, of course, but commercial campaigns appear to be more aggressive each year. With such load of offers, it can be hard to discriminate between what you really need and what you may buy to probably give off at Christmas. It might appear not a problem as such – if you are prone to shopping euphoria, just plan well ahead what you need to purchase and what extras you can afford. However, it looks like this solution is not obvious to everyone, judging by hordes of avid customers and lines at the checkout†¦ And it’s what I really hate about Christmas – the shopping frenzy. Not only do you waste time because of crowds and standing in lines, but due to traffic congestions as well. People get more tense each day, work extra hours to be able to afford all the gifts,  grow even more nervous, have trouble sleeping, concentrating and thus become less effective in all tasks. Instead of slowing down and enjoying the comfort of home they get stuck in another rat race. Consequently, come Christmas they’re too exhausted to celebrate, go on family trips, party with friends, or, in more severe cases of burnout, too apathetic to even look after themselves. It might strike you as rank pessimism; but I cannot help resenting the whole lot of things that make Christmas now totally different from how I remember it. Well, I guess, no one can change the way it is; but we can do what’s in our power to make Christmas nice and cozy for ourselves and our families.

African-American Segregation and Isolation - 2443 Words

African-American Segregation and Isolation Introduction From 1865 to the present, white Americans exploited the Black population, whom they regarded as inferior in every aspect of life in order to justify slavery and discrimination. For about a century, the Blacks have struggled hard to end segregation, discrimination, isolation to which they have been subjected in order to attain equality with the whites and enjoy civil rights. Analysis Thirteenth Amendment, Convict Leasing When Georgia ratified the Thirteenth Amendment, which abolished slavery in the United States, African-American slaves became officially free (Flamand, 2012). During the Reconstruction period, it was not certain if slavery was permanently abolished or if some form remained or would reappear. White Southerners still wanted to keep newly-freed African Americans working for them at the lowest level. They evolved the convict leasing system during this period. It allowed private contractors to buy the services of prisoners from the state or local governments for a specific duration. The large majority of these convicts consisted of African-Americans, who were subjected to strong but selective laws and discriminatory sentencing. It was a different form of slavery, but still slavery. It forced officially free and innocent men to hard labor without compensation for white masters, through extreme and extraordinary physical means. Convict leasing drew its constitutional basis from the ThirteenthShow MoreRelatedEnd of Segregation1204 Words   |  5 PagesThe End Of Segregation Christine E. 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He shared his feelings and thoughts about how he was treated an simply how he felt towards the way black people were being treated by the white people and segregation of race during the 20th century. The poem was written in five different stanzas in a form of free verse, meaning the poem does not rhyme or have a regular meter. The sentences of the poem were shortsRead MoreAfrican-Americans Struggle for Equality2515 Words   |  10 Pagesï » ¿Though the conclusion of the American Civil War in 1965 marked the end of slavery in the United States, African-Americans would not see anything resembling true freedom from the segregation and isolation imposed by slavery until very recently, and only after decades of difficult struggle. Some of the most important achievements occurred during the 1960s, when a generation of African-American leaders and ac tivists, including Martin Luther King Jr., Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall, and theRead MoreThe Civil Rights Movement And The Movement Of The 1960s1513 Words   |  7 PagesThe civil rights movement was a large and very popular movement that secured African Americans equal access and opened doors for the essential benefits and rights of U.S. citizenship. In spite of the fact that the foundations of the movement go back to the nineteenth century, it crested in the 1960s. African American men and ladies, alongside whites, sorted out and drove the movement at national and neighborhood levels. They sought after their objectives through lawful means, arrangements, petitionsRead MoreA Cycle of Struggles Endured by the African American Race1301 Words   |  5 Pages African Americans, among their families, and their communities find themselves in an unceasing battle for survival in a world that has previously, and to this day, brought many hardships and sufferings. Although Ameri ca has succeeded in abolishing slavery, there are still aspects of racism and economic segregation that occur within residential areas. This being said, many individuals of the African American race become primary targets and victims to devastating economic and social disadvantages

Business Capstone Project Case study of Forward Sports

Question: Discuss about theBusiness Capstone Projectfor Case study of Forward Sports. Answer: Cost Benefits and Potential of Online Sale of Sports Goods from Pakistan: Case Study of Forward Sports Introduction to the Literature Review Like every other Asian and European countries Pakistan has excelled itself in sports. The demand of sports has been increasing over time. In addition, the country has started participating in large sports programs. Therefore, the demands of sports goods have also been increasing rapidly. This has opened up the path for the organizations that provide sports goods to build the business in Pakistan. Most of the large sports brands like Adidas, Nike, Reebok and other sports have paid attention to penetrate in the market of Pakistan. However, as the business environment has become dynamic in nature, the brands or the organizations have to look for the ways that strengthen their business and bring in the desires profits. In this context, Bryde, Broquetas and Volm (2013) commented that major challenge for the organizations is to expand the business or their reach as opening stores in new locations requires huge investment. Therefore, instead of physical expansion, selling the goods online i s a significant option that offers the opportunity to the brands to accesses and meets the needs and demands of the products. The best part of online selling is that it allows the organizations to conduct their business without making large investment on the taken initiative. As mentioned by Klaus (2013), the development of Internet has generated a new pattern of the traditional way of sopping. Likewise, the customers no longer want to spend time in searching for the products in opening location. Therefore, it can be added that the internet has become a new medium for the communication as well as the exchange of information which has been there in daily life of people. As opined by Czinkota and Ronkainen (2013), the development of IT services largely contributed to the implementation of the initiative of selling products online. It is also observed that marketers are largely focusing on the trends of e-commerce. The organizations have found the feasible solutions to sinking business sector of the Pakistan. Many large organizations have embraced e-commerce for the development of the business ad they have bee n progressing through this particular tool for long. In addition, this has been conspicuous that online businesses play a significant role in the international economy. In this context, Pickernell et al. (2013) commented that internet could make it easier for businesses to have information on the products available to their potential consumers. An organization could meet their individual needs of consumer information to a lower cost per report to the delivery of products. In this context, Cullen and Parboteeah (2013) discussed the relationship between the marketing strategies and the consumer behaviour. The author has mentioned that the strategy revolves around profitability as well as the frequency of buyer behaviour. Hypothesises H0- The invention of internet and development IT infrastructure have contributed to the selling of products online H1-The e-commerce business has opened up new ways for accessing the markets within a short time making small investment H2-Large sports brands have got the access to penetrate in the economically poor segments of the market leveraging small amount of capital and earn desired amount of profits through the trends of e-commerce. Defining the 1st key Word E-business largely influencing the global economy The impact of e-commerce is one that has brought in a drastic change in the conventional market. As commented by, Rahimnia and Hassanzadeh (2013) E-commerce has widely been embraced since it has clicked immensely for many businesses. It can be added that the techniques of online selling has largely helped the small and medium organizations that do not have large capital to reach the target market. Subsequently, small and large organizations are providing the services to the customers without having any physical expansion of the business in the target market (Mohapatra 2013). Providing Strength and Weaknesses Strength Easy reach to the customers in the targeted market Free from the investment of physical expansion Weaknesses Consumers have the major concern regarding the security system Maintenance of websites Website stickiness and customer loyalty Cost Analysing the Hypothesis It is evident that e-commerce has strong impact on the global economy as the e-commerce includes different business transactions namely business to business (B2B), business to consumers (B2C) and B2G (Business to government) (Eid and El-Gohary 2013). In addition, the Internet has become the fundamental choice for the electronic commerce. Thus, the invention and the development of internet could certainly influence the global economy since all organizations are considering the trends of e-commerce as the way of accessing new market within short-time. Defining 2ndKey Word Trends of e-commerce provides unprecedented opportunities to both developing and developed nations As the trends of e-commerce have still been gaining the popularity due to the idea of e-commerce, which has just been applied in the field, the some of the small and medium size organizations are trying to deal with the potential barriers associated with the idea. As commented by Chong (2013), in the short-run, the gains are probably to be observed in the developed countries; however, in the long run developing countries have to put more effort to gain the benefits. This happens due to the fact that developing countries lack the infrastructure required to gain the full advantage of the internet (Haufler 2013). However, in the long run these developing countries like Pakistan could skip some of the stages in the development IT through which the developed countries like UK, Australia have to pass (Hill, Cronk and Wickramasekera 2013). Countries Percentage Pakistan 19% China 27% India 24% Indonesia 22% Other Asian countries 18% Table 1: Growth of E-commerce in Asian countries (2015) (Source: Eid and El-Gohary 2013) Graph 1: Growth of E-commerce in Asian countries Providing Strength and Weaknesses Strength Internet is gradually providing the opportunities for B2B, B2C and B2G through the nations Low investment and maximum profits Weaknesses Under developing countries do not have the infrastructure to use implement internet for developing the business Analysing the Hypothesis While comparing the advantages and disadvantages of online selling, it has been identified that apart from few infrastructure and technical barriers, the implementation of e-commerce brings in a huge amount of return on investment. On the contrary, as the large sports brands in Pakistan do not get the full access due to some country regulations, unstable political environment, there is state of deficiency in the supply of the products despite the increasing demand (Coughlin and Novy 2013). In addition, Pakistan has increasing population; thereby, the marketers find optimal opportunities for expanding the business accessing the targeting market. However, unstable economic environment, continuous war large sports brands lack interests in expanding the business in Pakistan. Defining 3rdKey Word Effects of online selling trade on global trade and employment The consumption of internet could make the technique initiating and conducting the trade easier and faster with less expense. As mentioned by Klaus (2013), the gathering information appears to be a costly activity. In addition, these costs may appear to be high and substantial challenge to the business. Searching the right supplier of sports goods and specifying products requirements as well as marketing of those products seems to be very expensive. Therefore, with the help of internet and applications of e-commerce, the entire range of these activities without forming relationship between the buyer and seller, the brands could satisfy the needs of the end users. As opined by Czinkota and Ronkainen (2013), the internet could likely promote business in the similar way as lifting other business challenge would. Therefore, it can be mentioned that volume or the range of international business is likely to increase. In addition, it has also been identified that internet when organized wi thin the electronic markets via e-commerce applications decrease the cost of information and allows the customers and the sellers communicate electronically. Providing Strength and Weaknesses Strength E-commerce could continuously influence the trade services. One of the most relevant changes in the trade is e-commerces as well as ITs ability to make non-tradable service into tradable Weakness A technical enhancement reduces the expense of transactions and generates a large amount of profits compared to the triangular efficiency opportunities from the trade liberalizations. Analysing the Hypothesis As online selling and trends of e-commerce provide different trade opportunities for expanding the business for developing and developed countries, as sports brands in Pakistan may not gain those opportunities (Cullen and Parboteeah 2013). For example, it is observed that the potential advantages from global e-commerce to a developing country Pakistan from a decrease in the expense of imports, which is similar to the increase in the price gained for exports. It was also studied in the literature review that e-commerce continues to strengthen its impact on the employment as well as the wages may be the result of emerged complex set of interactive forces. Therefore, it can be mentioned that electronic commerce is likely to create directly and indirectly new employment opportunities. On the contrary, it has also been identified that indirect creation of employment could occur through increasing demand and productivity. In this context, Mohapatra (2013) argued that the employment opportunity might lack when the online selling retailers substitute for the conventional ways of conducting the business. Hence, the employment opportunity may lack. Therefore, hence, the under developing country like Pakistan needs to develop its infrastructure of information technology as certain IT skills are required to operate e-commerce in the country. Again, this may create employment opportunity in the country. Defining the 4thKey Word Dynamic scenario of sports industry in Pakistan The size of the domestic sports market is comparatively small because the Pakistan society mostly focuses on the Islamic studies (Chong 2013). Thus, the sports are yet not treated as the means of livelihood. Instead, it is still now considered as the source of entertainment. This leads to less participation in the sport sector. There have also been some other challenges such as the non-availability of IT infrastructure, which could facilitate the access online trading and existing inability for the facilities as well as purchase sports. Notwithstanding, Pakistani Government has now started spending more on the sports goods (Eid and El-Gohary 2013). However, sports are yet treated as a recreational activity; therefore, the consumption rate of recreational activities is growing in Pakistan. This is one of the significant opportunities for the online retailers to get into the market. Figure 2: Consumer expenditure of sports goods by 1993-2012 (Source: Haufler 2013) Providing Strength and Weaknesses Strength A significant segment of population in Pakistan has turned to fitness as well as exercise as the element of developing lifestyle. A considerable number of sports equipment sold out by the manufacturers through online shopping networks. The development of new sports also has impact on the youngsters in Pakistan. Weakness Less demand of sports programs in Pakistan influencing the sports brands Analysing the Hypothesis It was studied in the literature review that geographical location could be significant in retailing. The sports goods customers are not certain what they wish to buy to become able to make comparison among different types of shops and retailers (Haufler 2013). Hence, the significance of geographical locations referred to the domestic market power that can be high as well as the ability to find the right location for trading, which appears to be a significant barrier. Conversely, online selling techniques make it easy for the marketers to focus on the target market. With the access of internet, the sports brands could retrieve the information regarding the needs and demands of the products. On the other side, by adopting traditional ways of trading, the marketers take a lot of time to meet the needs of the customers (Coughlin and Novy 2013). At the same time, other brands following the traditional ways find the rush to access the markets. This eventually results to the increasing com petition. Conclusion On the completion of the report, it can further be added that trends of online selling of products have large impact on both domestic as well as the global economy. Although, there have been different challenges in the form IT infrastructure, country regulation, downturn in the economy, the online retailers find the ways of accessing the market in Pakistan. In addition, as the trends of online shopping have become popular in the current days, it is expected that trends of e-commerce could quickly access the market and build the trust among the customers regarding habit of buying products online. Reference List: Bryde, D., Broquetas, M. and Volm, J.M., 2013. The project benefits of building information modelling (BIM).International Journal of Project Management,31(7), pp.971-980. Chong, A.Y.L., 2013. A two-staged SEM-neural network approach for understanding and predicting the determinants of m-commerce adoption.Expert Systems with Applications,40(4), pp.1240-1247. Coughlin, C.C. and Novy, D., 2013. Is the international border effect larger than the domestic border effect? Evidence from US trade.CESifo Economic Studies,59(2), pp.249-276. Cullen, J.B. and Parboteeah, K.P., 2013.Multinational management. Cengage Learning. Czinkota, M.R. and Ronkainen, I.A., 2013.International marketing. Cengage Learning. Eid, R. and El-Gohary, H., 2013. The impact of E-marketing use on small business enterprises' marketing success.The Service Industries Journal,33(1), pp.31-50. Haufler, V., 2013.A public role for the private sector: Industry self-regulation in a global economy. Carnegie Endowment. Hill, C.W., Cronk, T. and Wickramasekera, R., 2013.Global business today. McGraw-Hill Education (Australia). Klaus, P., 2013. The case of Amazon. com: towards a conceptual framework of online customer service experience (OCSE) using the emerging consensus technique (ECT).Journal of Services Marketing,27(6), pp.443-457. Mohapatra, S., 2013. E-commerce Strategy. InE-Commerce Strategy(pp. 155-171). Springer US. Pickernell, D., Jones, P., Packham, G., Thomas, B., White, G. and Willis, R., 2013. E-commerce trading activity and the SME sector: an FSB perspective.Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development,20(4), pp.866-888. Rahimnia, F. and Hassanzadeh, J.F., 2013. The impact of website content dimension and e-trust on e-marketing effectiveness: The case of Iranian commercial saffron corporations.Information Management,50(5), pp.240-247.

Minority Identity free essay sample

A factor that is heavily involved in shaping ascribed identity is stereotyping. Stereotyping is defined as assign a set of particular attributes to a person based on presumed membership of a certain group. Stereotypes usually involves simplifying a complex situation but have proved to be very effective in shaping what people in a particular group think of themselves. For example, in â€Å"Can We All Get Along? † a survey of black people showed that two thirds of the group surveyed believed that they shared a common political fate with other blacks in the United States. This shows the cohesion that occurs within groups of people based on something as simple as skin color. I use the term black because the book states that it describes an identity and status based on color. However, this group cohesion has proven by political research to strengthen a persons interest in political participation. The more that an individual identifies with members in their group, the more likely they are to take interest in candidates and policies that further the advancement of their group. We will write a custom essay sample on Minority Identity or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Minority status is not just based on a numerical scale of how many people, whether it be whites, blacks, Latinos, Asians etc. re accounted for, but is classified more by the benefits and privileges offered to different groups. Historically, minority groups have been exploited by majority groups for economic gain. For example, the enslavement of African-Americans and the taking of land from American Indians and Mexicans when settlement was first occurring. Other factors that can shape minority status can be race, gender, economic status, ethnicity or sexual orientation. In American politics, minority status can greatly affect the way that group is represented in the political arena. The role that these minority groups play has been influenced by the size and economic well-being and geographic concentration of the groups population as well as if they have previously participated in a civil rights movement. These factors are referred to as â€Å"minority group politics. † The amount of people in these groups and where they are located play a vital role in deciding how many members each state will have in the U. S. House of Representatives , the way that electoral districts will be drawn up, and the number of votes that each state will have in the electoral college when choosing the president. As stated in â€Å"Can We All Get Along? † the Latino population has been increasing rapidly over the past forty years and is on pace to become the majority, as far as number of people, by 2042 but their political presence is still nowhere close to that of whites. The two main reasons for this is because the Latino population has a large number of voters who cant vote because of age and because they arent citizens. Another issue in the lack of political participation that is addressed in the readings is the socioeconomic status of the minority groups. Groups that are better off economically, for example the whites, can afford the time to get informed on political issues and get out and vote accordingly. Another factor that hinders a minority groups political power is their level of education and employment. Whites are afforded more opportunities in the field of education because they can afford to live in better communities that have better schools and a more intense curriculum. This means that they have access to more information regarding politics which makes them more concerned with voting and furthering their prosperity. The effect of minority status has a great deal to do with the political representation of minority groups. The participation in civil rights movements, like the major one in the 1950s and 1960s conducted by the blacks, is a way for a minority, or â€Å"dominated,† group to empower themselves socially and politically. Minority status is still prevalent in our current political system and will continue to have a large, mostly negative, effect on the representation of these minority groups until a change is made. I think that with time will come a balance of power between groups and it will no longer be a minority versus majority situation, but a more level playing field that has an even say it what shapes our political lives. Race can be defined as groupings among people that are understood as having a physical and hereditary bias. Examples of these groupings are generalizing someone as black, white, yellow or brown. That being said, race is a social, not biological, construction that makes it easier for one group to assume â€Å"domination† over another. These groups can be classified by physical differences which can cause cultural differences. There is a historical legacy of policies, laws and social conventions that have sought to exclude certain groups and benefit another. The black versus white dynamic is probably the most recognized and most ingrained social construction in the United States. Beginning with the British coming to North America and bringing their cultural views of race as a way to establish a self entitled dominance over other groups, America has used race to justify the mistreatment of certain groups. The demand for cheap labor furthered this idea of white superiority and became one of the main reasons for the enslavement of blacks and the suppression of their race. Native Americans were considered to be a step above blacks but still inferior to the whites so they had the option of adapting to the English way of life or disappear completely. As explained in â€Å"Where White Privilege Came From,† White slave owners used race as a way to control black slaves, saying that they were incapable of learning or advancing their race. These slave owners actually thought that they were doing the blacks a favor by letting them associate with them and their sophisticated way of life. They looked the situation as if it was charity work and that they were rescuing the blacks from their naturally inferior and savage way of life. Group names, definitions, and boundaries are constantly shifting. Up until 1967 and the ruling of Loving vs Virginia, there will still 29 states that had laws forbidding interracial marriages between blacks and whites, as well as whites and Indians, Asians, as well as Mongolians. This was a law that was punishable by up to fourteen years in prison. This ridiculous law is among the many that was caused by socially constructing a â€Å"race† in order to hold them down and advance the white agenda. What â€Å"race† you are considered in the United States has a tremendous affect on your social, economic, and political status. Going back to the creation of the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution it is apparent that these documents were written to benefit the white â€Å"race† and exclude â€Å"other persons,† blacks and Indians, from enjoying the same life and liberty as that of the whites. The original constitution stated â€Å"Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective Numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole Number of free Persons, including those bound to service for a Term of Years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all other persons. † This passage just shows how electoral politics has been mainly aimed towards advancement of a select group while denying privileges and opportunities to others. Even after the three-fifths compromise, there remained the issue of suffrage and citizenship. The criteria for both of these was left up to the states which allowed them to pick and choose, based on race, who would be considered a citizen and who would be allowed to vote. History shows that due to social constructions it has been easy to segregate different groups based on race. Whether it has been the denial of voting or citizenship, or the appropriating of funds and privileges to the whites, social construction is still very alive in our current political state.

Orthopedic and Musculoskeletal Disorders IEP

Rich Dad Poor Dad by Robert Kiyosaki

Rich Dad Poor Dad by Robert Kiyosaki Free Online Research Papers Abstract Financial Literacy is something that isn’t commonly taught to people and Kiyosaki believes is it the single most important thing for young people to learn. The biggest difference between the rich and the poor is that the rich let money work for them and the poor work for money. In my paper I will explain how important it is for you to become financially literate and let money work for you. You have to get out of the Rat Race and join the few that are actually financially successful. You say how is it possible to allow money to work for you? Well I will show you how the rich and poor balance their assets and liabilities against their income, the history of taxes and corporations, how the rich actually invent money, how to manage cash flow, systems and people, and why it important to work to learn not just for money. Are you really preparing your children for the real world? Many parents tell their children to study hard, make good grades and you will find a high paying job and make lots of money. Truth is that no amount of school can really be helpful without financial literacy with it. There is a definite difference between what the rich teach their children verse the poor. In my paper I will explain the differences and why it’s so important. First you have to discover a way to live on the â€Å"Right Side of the Street†. You have to ultimately make the decision of whether or not you want to be rich or poor. Then realize that different lifestyles create bad habits and barriers. Also, you have to discover and learn about the laws that govern making money. When you have figured out these contrasting ideas you are well on your way to being on the â€Å"Right Side of the Street†. The â€Å"Right Side of the Street†, isn’t necessarily being either rich or poor, it’s learning the literacy of finances and letting money work for you rather than you work for money. One difference between the rich and poor is that the poor and middle class work for money whereas the rich do not. They are passionate, driven and energetic about making money work for them almost downright greedy. The biggest challenge the poor and middle class have is fear, fear keeps them from letting money do the work, because they have bills to pay and you have to work to pay bills right? Wrong! Rich dad teaches that money always works for you. He makes you work for no money to teach you that. Always pay yourself first and see what opportunities others miss out on. Poor dad teaches you to work for money and to pay everyone else first (taxes). The middle class should have found some happy medium, but all they teach is when your income or assets go up then so should your liabilities, this is even worse. It creates a higher more dangerous amount of debt. I bet your wondering how to let money work for you when all you know is how to work for money. Well its simple really, learn how money works. The school system doesn’t teach how money works, and most â€Å"educated† people don’t know how it works either. You have to start with the basics of money management and the differences between assets, liability and income. Then you have to sacrifice it all, not let fear hold you back and go for it. Sometimes you may fail, but we learn mostly by mistakes and can only grow from them. An Asset is what puts the money in your pocket. There are three types of assets paper, real-estate and businesses. Along with that are three types of income Portfolio income, passive income and earned income. Portfolio income is derived from paper assets like stocks, bonds, mutual funds and insurance and is the easiest to manage. Passive income is derived from real-estate or royalties from patents. Earned income is derived from paychecks and is the most highly taxed type. With everyone there is a cash-flow pattern and this determines whether or not you are on the â€Å"Right Side of the Street†. The poor spend every penny and have no assets only liabilities. The Middle class had an increase in income and so does their spending creating more liabilities. The Rich let their assets pay for themselves; they have control over their expenses and usually have little or no personal liabilities. Be about the business of building assets and having no liabilities. Your business should revolve entirely around your asset column and not your income column. Many owners of a business own more than one business, because they use their assets to buy other assets not just use them on personal liabilities. Key goals to remember is to be a good leader have a mission and work as a team. In a business you must be savvy about the product you’re selling and endorse it well. Communication is also one of the biggest contributing factors in running a reputable business. Also, always follow the legal rules of the business and never cut corners. Your business will grow and in turn buy you many more assets. Taxes are a tricky thing; we are taxed when we work for money and when we buy things. They were originally designed to generate government income from the rich. Like I said earlier, the rich are greedy and financially smart and they found ways to make loopholes in the tax laws and in turn the government began taxing everyone. One thing about the rich is that they will always find a way to pay them first and everyone else second. The power of a corporation is a great thing; it protects your assets from the government. When people own corporations, they earn, spend and then pay taxes. People who work for corporations earn, pay taxes and then spend. See the difference. You have to learn to invent money because working for it will never get you anywhere. You have to have financial literacy, investment strategies and learn how to work the market of supply and demand. Find out what people want/need and get it to them. Make assets for yourself. Don’t let fear be your guide in the Rat Race forever. Learn how to accept and deal with change. You have to know the financial skills for success; the management of people, the management of systems, and the management of cash-flow. With these tools you will be able to succeed and become better at building your assets to sustain you rather than your liabilities you have to maintain. In conclusion the rich don’t work for money. You have to become financially literate like I have said a thousand times and figure out the way money works and let it work for you. Mind your own business and build it with ethics and honesty, let it buy you more assets. You must study the tax laws and let the tax laws of corporations be your shelter. Invent money, work to learn not work for money. Research Papers on "Rich Dad Poor Dad" by Robert Kiyosaki19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationResearch Process Part OneHip-Hop is ArtPETSTEL analysis of IndiaTwilight of the UAWIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductStandardized TestingWhere Wild and West Meet

Financial Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Financial - Term Paper Example 900,000 ?1,600,000 ?1,850,000 ?1,100,000 ?2,225,000 Discount Factor @ 12% Cost of Capital 1.00 0.893 0.797 0.712 0.636 0.567 Present Value (?5,150,000) ?803,700 ?1,275,200 ?1,317,200 ?699,600 ?1,261,575 NPV ?207,275 NPV:-?5,150,000 + ?803,700 + ?1,275,200 + ?1,317,200 + ?699,600 + ?1,261,575 = ?207,275 The Net Present Value of a company is the value of a future number in terms of today. It basically helps in finding out a project’s is profitability. It requires finding out the present value of each future cash flow discounted at a specific value, which is the cost of capital of the project given in the form of a percentage. It uses the concept of discounted cash flows. Time Cash Flow (?5,150,000) ?900,000 ?1,600,000 ?1,850,000 ?1,100,000 ?2,225,000 Yr 0 Yr 1 Yr 2 Yr 3 Yr 4 Yr 5 Cash Flow (?5,150,000) ?900,000 ?1,600,000 ?1,850,000 ?1,100,000 ?2,225,000 Discount Factor @ 14% Cost of Capital 1.00 0.877 0.769 0.675 0.592 0.519 Present Value (?5,150,000) ?789,300 ?1,230,400 ?1,248 ,750 ?651,200 ?1,154,775 NPV (?75,575) NPV = -?5,150,000 + ?789,300 + ?1,230,400 + ?1,248,750 + ?651,200 + ?1,154,775 NPV = (?75,575) Payback Payback = 4,250,000 – 900,000 (Yr 1) – 1,600,000 (Yr 2) = 1750000 ? 1,850,000 (Yr 3) * 12 Payback = 2 Years and 11 months This is a technique used to measure the feasibility of projects in terms of the number of years that it takes to pay back an initial investment. It is measured in number of years till full recovery and the following formula can be used to measure it. Payback = No. of years prior to full recovery + Unrecovered cost at beginning of year/Cash flow during full recovery year. Payback basically represents the period of time during which the initial investment gets recovered. IRR: To calculate IRR, a negative NPV would be calculated. Hence a discount factor of 14% is selected. IRR = LDR + [PV1/PV1-PV2]* (HDR-LDR) LDR = Lower Discount Rate HDR = Higher Discount Rate Pv1 = Present Value at Lower Rate of Return Pv2= Pre sent Value at Higher Rate of Return IRR = 12% + [207,275/ 207,275 – (-75,575) * (14% - 12%)] IRR = 13.46% IRR is the value where the NPV is equal to zero. It is the optimal value where a project is most beneficial. IRR can gauge the profitability of a proposed investment by taking into consideration the concept of discounted cash flows. IRR is not very easy to be calculated as any other accounting measure such as NPV and if done then it does not give accurate answers. It is done on a trial and error. b) Provide a rationale for your treatment of initial research, depreciation and working capital, supporting your answer with links to theory briefly indicate other considerations which might also affect the decision Initial research would not be included within the Net Present Value (NPV) calculation. This is because the initial research cost had already been incurred before starting the project hence the cost was deemed to be a sunk cost. Sunk costs are not to be included within the NPV calculation because these costs have already been incurred and that do not affect the decision of either commencing or aborting any business plan. Depreciation costs do not get included within the calculation of NPV. This is because depreciation is a non-cash item and the NPV purely constitutes cash related items with respect to the time value of money. Although depreciation expense is only included within the NPV calculation in order to ascertain the Tax savings. The tax savings on allowances allowed by the tax authorities are only included

Business environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 3

Business environment - Essay Example In its mission, the bank endeavours to build strong markets in various parts of the world. In addition, HSBC aspires to build a strong customer relation that is keen in upholding excellent service delivery, sales and solutions. It is worth noting that the bank desires to achieve morally based long tern proceeds for all stakeholders. To achieve these objectives, the bank is keen in developing strong team players that will work to produce excellent results. A rewarding and challenging business environment is vital for any business to grow and as such the bank continues to develop a decent working environment for its workers. HSBC aspires to specialize in various banking groups by upholding a commitment to interior philosophies and banking values. HSBC bank is one of the leading banking institutions in Turkey in customer service. This lead is attributed to an excellent working environment for its employees and other stake holders. The working environment is conducive and friendly promoting excellence in customer service. In addition, the bank has over years created strong team players keen at creating service packages that will attract wider markets. The bank has invested greatly in technological innovations that have seen customer service taking place online. Indeed the bank has achieved its objectives despite few challenges that are common to other financial institutions. HSBC’s core responsibility is to provide financial services to its customers. It is for this purpose that the bank has continued to build a strong customer service that is keen at keeping the promise of high level service delivery and financial solutions amid the dynamic corporate environment. In its corporate social responsibility, the bank invests in the education of needy students at all levels of study. The bank also invests in other sectors of the

Media Studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Media Studies - Essay Example This essay approves that newspapers existed on the earth in some form or other because of man’s innate tendency to know news and share it with other fellow men. People disseminated news by word of mouth, written correspondence or public notices before the development of printing technology. As more people learned to read and write, news reports became more. Ancient Rome had a particularly stylish system for spreading written news. The process of consolidation of the press and other tools of mass communication has been taking place in US and Canada in a big way. This process might spread to other parts of the world with the emergence of globalization as an unavoidable phenomenon in the world today. The number of newspapers in circulation keep on declining in most U.S. and Canadian cities. Many cities today have only one newspaper publisher. In Canada, only six cities are supplied by two or more independently owned newspapers. In more than 170 American cities, a solo publisher p roduces both a morning and an evening paper. Fewer than 30 U.S. cities have rival papers with different ownership. This report makes a conclusion that we are at the threshold of globalization, a phenomenon that is unavoidable. However, we need the systems in place to guard the values and ideals that man has developed over many years. To make the purpose of the press and other media as only providers of entertainment and statistical enumeration of data is a subservient role that we give to the media. Media has a much more important role to play in the world today as a remedial force and as a forum for engaging in healthy debates on cardinal issues of our times.

Use and Application of Data Mining

Use and Application of Data Mining Data mining is the process of extracting patterns from data. Data mining is becoming an increasingly important tool to transform the data into information. It is commonly used in a wide range of profiling practices, such as marketing, surveillance, fraud detection and scientific discovery [1-3]. Data mining can be applied on a variety of data types. Data types include structured data (relational), multimedia data, free text, and hypertext as shown in Figure 1-1. We can strip hypertext from XML/XHTML tags to get free text[4, 5]. Nowadays, text is the most common and convenient way for information exchange. This due to the fact that much of the worlds data is contained in text documents (newspaper articles, emails, literature, web pages, etc.). The importance of this way has led many researchers to find out suitable methods to analyze natural language texts to extract the important and useful information. In comparison with data stored in structured format (databases), texts stored in documents is unstructured and to deal with such data, a preprocessing is required to transform textual data into a suitable format for automatic processing [6]. Text mining is a new and exciting area of computer science research that interested of solving the problem of information overload by using combination techniques from data mining, machine learning, natural language processing, information retrieval, and knowledge management. Text mining, also known as text data mining [7] or knowledge discovery from textual databases [8], refers generally to the automatic process of extracting interesting and high-quality information or knowledge from unstructured text documents by using a suite of analysis tools [9]. Definitely, text mining takes much of its inspiration and direction from core research on data mining. Therefore, text mining and data mining systems contain many high-level architectural similarities. For example, text mining and data mining systems depend on preprocessing routines, pattern-discovery algorithms, and presentation-layer elements [1]. Furthermore, text mining adopts many of the specific types of patterns in its core knowledge discovery operations that were first introduced and vetted in data mining research [9]. The difference between data mining and text mining lies in the specific stages of preparation of the data and the difficulty of finding the important patterns due to the semi-structured or unstructured nature of the textual documents being processed. Data mining systems assumes that data have already been stored in a structured format. Therefore, the preprocessing stage focus falls on two critical tasks: Scrubbing and normalizing data and creating extensive numbers of table joins. In contrast, for text mining systems, preprocessing tasks focus on the identification and extraction of representative features for natural language documents. These preprocessing tasks are responsible for transforming unstructured, original-format content in document collections into a more explicitly structured intermediate format, which is a concern that is not relevant for most data mining systems.   Text mining preprocessing tasks include a variety of different types of techniques culled and adapted from information retrieval, information extraction, and computational linguistics research (such as tokenization, stop word remover, normalization, and stemming, etc.)[9]. Typical text mining tasks involving Text extraction and representation, information retrieval, document summarization, document clustering, document classification. Text representation is concerned with the problem of how to represent text data in appropriate format for automatic processing. In general, documents can be represented in two ways, as a bag of words where the context and the word order are neglected and the other one is to find common phrases in text and deal with them as single terms [10]. In information retrieval, the information needed to be retrieved is represented as query and the task of the information retrieval systems is to find and return documents that contain the most relevant information to the given query. In order to achieve this purpose, text mining techniques are used to analyse text data and make a comparison between the extracted information and the given queries to find out documents that include answers [10, 11]. The idea of text summarization is an automatic detection of the most important phrases in a given text document and to create a condensed version of the input text for human use [10]. Text summarization can be done for a single document or a document collection (multi-document summarization). Most approaches in this area focus on extracting informative sentences from texts and building summaries based on the extracted information. Recently, many approaches have been tried to create summaries based on semantic information extracted from given text documents [10, 11]. Document clustering is a machine learning technique that is used to identify the similarity between text documents based on their content. Unlike document classification, document clustering is an unsupervised method in which there are no pre-defined categories. The idea of document clustering is to create links between similar documents in a document collection to allow them to be retrieved together [10-12]. Document classification is the assignment of text documents into one or more pre-defined categories based on their content [10, 13]. It is a supervised learning problem where the categories are known in advance [10]. For the document classification problem, many machine learning techniques including decision trees, K-nearest neighbour, SVM support vector machines and Naive Bayes algorithm have been used to build document classification models. more details about document classification in the next section.

Racial and Ethnic Stereotypes :: Media Stereotypes Stereotyping

Racial and Ethnic Stereotypes People being generalized based on limited and inaccurate information by sources as television, cartoons or even comic books (Tripod). This is a definition that seems to go against many public standards. The above words are the exact definition of stereotypes. Stereotypes as understood from the definition, goes mostly hand in hand with media -- only not the regular meaning of the innocent media we know. Media propaganda is the other form of media that is rather described as media manipulation. In this paper, the following will be discussed: first, how stereotypes of ethnic groups function in propaganda, why does it function so well, and finally, the consequences of these stereotypes on the life of Egyptians in particular in society. A fair examination will be conducted on this example of stereotypes through clarification examples and research results from researches conducted from reliable sources. The real association between Egyptians’ stereotypes and propaganda discussed in this paper shall magnify the association of stereotypes and propaganda in general. It seems necessary for this paper to start with some clarification of the terms associated with propaganda. Propaganda can be thought of as a foster parent for stereotypes. Propaganda is known to be the intentional manipulation of public opinion through hidden messages in advertisements and other media functions. Thus, propaganda uses many techniques to be able to deliver theses hidden messages to the public and influence their opinion. Fear, brainwashing, name calling, glittering generality, misinformation and much more are some of the techniques that propaganda uses to influence and manipulate the opinions of the majority. Propaganda finds the usefulness of stereotypes in the fact that it’s easy, fast and straight to the public. In the case of stereotypes about ethnic groups, Egyptians in this case are being portrayed as uneducated, unethical, ignorant, desert animal raisers, terrorists and uncivilized ethnic group. These name calling and misinformation techniques are what p ropagandists use to manoeuvre the society to portray Egyptians as humans of the underworld and Egypt as a deserted country that hunger and illness are its residents. The previous are all stereotypes that are propagandas of the media to convert such generality into truth and facts. Racial stereotypes specifically function mostly through propaganda of the media, due to the unlikelihood of every man travelling to every country, using the technique of ‘misinformation’ through movies, shows, and news reports. Egyptians have been stereotyped as desert residents for many years regardless of the reality and actual state of Egypt as a country.

Personal Data Protection

Personal data (2012, Online) means â€Å"data relating to a living individual who is or can be identified either from the data or from the data in conjunction with other information that is in, or is likely to come into, the possession of the data controller†. The Data Protection Act 1988 – 2003 guarantee individuals right to protection their personal data and explain duties of Data Controllers. This act apply to organizations that uphold information on individuals which can contain telephone number, address, account details, nationality, religion, physical or mental health and/or other sensitive information.The Data Protection Commissioner has approved a personal data security breach Code of Practice to help organisations to react appropriately when they become aware of breaches of security personal information they maintain. The Data Controllers are required to: †¢ collect and process information fairly †¢ keep them only in one or more specified and legal pu rposes †¢ use information for the purposes for which their were collected †¢ keep them safe and secure keep them accurate, complete and up-to-date †¢ not stored them longer than is necessary Every person may obtain a copy of their entire personal data by written request to any organization or individual who holds personal information, unless the Government instructs the Data Controller to withhold the information, data subject also has a right to correct any inaccurate information or, in some cases, such information can be completely removed.The Code of Practice does not apply to providers of publicly available electronic communications networks or services. Providers of publicly available electronic communications networks or services are required to have a security policy, ensure that personal data can only be used by authorised personnel for specified purposes and protect personal data against unlawful use or access.

Iran essays

Iran essays Since the days of 6th century BC, Ian has been ruled by absolute monarchs. The shah-in-shah, king of kings, or emperor decided the fate of the empire. Irans constitutional monarchy, founded in 1906, was ended in 1979. In the same year a new constitution established an Islamic republic in which principles of Islam were to be the foundation for social, political, and economic relations. The constitution was significantly amended in 1989. Iran now has two heads of state, one being a more leading religious figure, the other being a more presidential figure. But ultimately, the religious chief is the real power. This makes Iran a theocracy, which means ruled by priests. A religious leader, called the faqih, oversees the operation of the government. The first faqih was Khomeini, who died in 1989. His successor is selected by an Assembly of Experts, made up of 83 clerics who are popularly elected every eight years. The current faqih of Iran is Ayatollah Ali Hoseini-Khamenei. He may decl are war and also names the heads of all state and religious organizations, so therefore controls the judiciary, armed forces, security police, intelligence agencies, radio, and television. Therefore, he is more powerful than Irans president. The chief executive and head of state of Iran is a president, who is elected by popular vote for up to two four-year terms. As the constitutions specifies, the president is the holder of the highest of fiscal power next to the office of the faqih. Amendments to the constitution in 1989 strengthened the presidency by eliminating the position of prime minister, who was until then the chief executive. The cabinet conducts the real day-to-day work of governance. Almost all new laws, as well as the budget, are devised by the cabinet and submitted to parliament for approval, change, or rejection. A modern form of government was introduced in Iran after the Persian Revolution of 1906. The const...

Tomber dans les Pommes French Expression Explained

Tomber dans les Pommes French Expression Explained The French expression: Tomber dans les pommes  (pronounced [to(n) bay da(n) lay puhm]) means to faint or pass out. It has an informal  register  and literally translates to to fall in the apples. You might also hear the variation  partir dans les pommes (to leave in[to] the apples) Explanation The French expression tomber dans les pommes is a cute way of saying that someone fainted, but I wish I knew why/how apples are related to a state of unconsciousness.* This strange link continues in the equally informal expression rester dans les pommes - to (continue to) be out cold, to remain unconscious. *According to Le Grand Robert, the probable origin is George Sands à ªtre dans les pommes cuites, a play on à ªtre cuit (to be exhausted) in Rey et Chantreau, but that still doesnt explain what apples have to do with anything. Example Nayant rien mangà © depuis plus de 12 heures, elle est tombà ©e dans les pommes.Not having eaten anything for more than 12 hours, she passed out.

Incidence of ill effects from exposure to the radio frequency Essay

Incidence of ill effects from exposure to the radio frequency emissions emitted from wireless cell phones - Essay Example It is also generally believed that children are at a greater risk of being effected from the RFR since they are in the process of growth. Research has also shown that the Radio Frequency Radiation could also be dangerous for the unborn child during pregnancy. Since mobile phones are a new technique, there is a need to study the long-term ill effects caused by the RF emitted from the mobile phones. Further study in this field is also needed to clarify certain inconclusive research. Over the past few years, there has been a rapid growth in the use of the mobile phones, wireless local area networks (WLANs) and other wireless devices all over the world. Such wireless devices emit Radio Frequency/ Electromagnetic waves that, under certain conditions, can have undesirable effects on human health. Different individuals, in particular, use cell phones in different ways. Some people use the mobile phones for an extended period of time due to which their head is exposed to radiation. However, people seem to ignore the safety measures due to the lack of awareness of the ill effects caused by exposure to such radiation. There has been no conclusive research published on the ill effects caused by exposure to Radio Frequency emitted from wireless cell phones. Still in various countries like the United States and the United Kingdom, the governments have made it necessary that the cell phones carry a health warning about their ill effects. Although no possible links have been found of the relationship between the RFR emitted from the wireless cell phones and the major ill effects. However some research carried out in this field has shown that the RFR emitted from wireless cell phones could interfere with the pacemakers, could effect the blood brain barrier, could damage the DNA which could lead to abnormal genetic changes. Research has also shown that the radio frequency could also

Legal Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Legal Theory - Essay Example These ideas and ideologies have assumed a global and even pan-human application. When applied they claim a universalism. When dissected, however, they show themselves to have a decidedly Western origin and influence. This has been shown to be the case in the global spread of various ideas and power systems like democracy, capitalism, industrialisation, colonialism, internationalism, and even socialism. The global reach of many of these ideologies and social structures inevitably incited reaction and dissent. Capitalism spawned socialism. Industrialisation gave way to workers movements. Colonialism yielded to Third World political rumblings and international ideologies like global Marxism, Pan-Africanism, and Pan-Arabism (to mention a few). To all this must be added twentieth century feminism. Though it may seem an oversimplification, much of twentieth century feminism sought to voice a discourse largely critical of the sexual inequality inherent in capitalism, be it in its national and/or its international forms. From the viewpoint of Marxism, the State is ‘a reflection, if not the instrument, of the power of the dominant economic class’ (Newman 2004, 141). From a gender perspective, the State largely mirrors the interests of males vis-a-vis females on an individualised basis. The modern State of capitalist society lies at the centre of what feminism sees as the tyran nical, patriarchal system of domination over the bodies and lives of women. This same State figures prominently in the structure of globalisation which has served to propagate Western power systems across the globe. Whether one approaches the role and place of women from an international, global perspective or from an individual State perspective, the question for feminists is for the most part a matter of the imposition of power and the limitation and circumscription of female individual autonomy. With respect to prostitution, particularly its criminalisation, the State

Managerial Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Managerial Leadership - Essay Example In the development of a proper individual authentic journey report, there are several different tools of enquiry that can effectively be used. In writing this paper, an auto ethnographical approach has been utilized. Autoethnography provides the user with a basic platform whereby the writer is the main subject of the general enquiry and as such, the tool will prove to be invaluable in the writing of this paper. Authentic Leadership Report Introduction Background of the Report As the age of materialism gradually grids to a halt, the entire concept behind the authenticity of leadership has in recent times been receiving significant amounts of general attention as more and more people continue in the search for what exactly makes people happy and provides meaning especially to their work lives. People are nowadays seeking to try and establish more meaning in their everyday lives. The general concept of â€Å"meaning† and â€Å"authenticity† can be deemed as appearing to be almost the same. However, it due to the efforts of the major philosophical movement that is commonly referred to as existentialism that has consistently been carefully studying the concept of authenticity over a time-period spanning many centuries that we are now able to better understand what exactly is authenticity in addition to developing an exact connection as regards to its relationship to the general concept of meaning. By taking the time to conduct this authentic leadership report on my own person, I hope to be able to further develop my own capabilities as an authentic leader by carefully establishing all my authentic leadership qualities as well as working hard to ensure that I improve on those qualities that I note to be impeding my growth as an authentic leader in today’s modern society. I believe that as an authentic leader, I will be more able to work towards changing the general society’s common misconception that most leaders and especially those who a re in high positions within government and some of the large private corporations are invariably inauthentic. Report Aims and Objectives The prime aim of going through this journey of writing this authentic journey report was to try and establish what exactly were the main highlights of my life that invariably served to help me in my growth as an authentic leader in addition to playing a key role in defining my authentic leadership footprints. The world is steadily recovering from the recent global economic recession that was seen to affect many countries around the world. Although some of the country’s have successfully managed to rebuild their shattered economies, some countries in Europe such as Spain and Greece as still struggling with the effects of these recession a factor that has caused them to try and

Womens Clothing Industry Report Essay Example for Free

Womens Clothing Industry Report Essay This industry includes establishments primarily engaged in the retail sale of a general line of womens ready-to-wear clothing. This category also includes establishments primarily engaged in the specialized retail sale of womens coats, suits, and dresses. Custom tailors primarily engaged in making womens clothing to individual order are classified in SIC 5699: Miscellaneous Apparel and Accessory Stores. Industry Snapshot In 2005, $36.7 billion was spent at stores devoted exclusively to womens apparel, a jump of more than $2 billion from 2004 and more than $4 billion from 2003. While the discounters, namely Target and Wal-Mart, were continuing to do well, the more upscale stores were seeing a new surge in spending. While consumer demand for luxury and high quality items was high, most of the purchases in this category were made for those items either from lower-priced brands or items on sale. In the mid-2000s, those employed by the industry were mostly working as sales associates, who are responsible for performing customer service and a variety of operational duties such as setting up displays and organizing stock. Store managers oversee sales, operations, and personnel functions. Merchandisers work with the apparel manufacturers to select apparel for the retailer and control merchandise expenses. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, womens clothing stores reported combined sales of $38.5 billion in 2008. As the economy continued to struggle sales fell 7.6 percent to $35.6 billion in 2009. As sales declined, Womens clothing stores were adapting to the downturn by focusing on recession-friendly prices, and opening up more discount outlets. In fact, there were 345 outlet stores slated to open in 2011, according to the November 2009 Retail Forward report. Organization and Structure The structure of the U.S. retail industry, including womens clothing stores, has changed significantly since the early 1990s, moving from a production-driven market to a consumer-driven market. Nontraditional retailers, such as discounters, off-priced stores, and factory outlets, fared well. Because of continuing competition from nontraditional retailers, department stores such as J.C. Penney and specialty stores such as The  Limited increased their focus on private labels. In the mid-1990s, consumers demanded more convenience and quicker service from growing no-store retailing, particularly in direct-mail order, television, and online shopping. An Internet shopping study by Ernst Young LLP reported that the number of retailers selling online tripled in 1998 to 39 percent. The online market was estimated to reach $13 billion in sales at the end of 1999. The relationship between larger retailers and suppliers significantly intensified because a growing number of retailers were taking on entrepreneurial roles traditionally performed by apparel producers. Larger retailers and direct-mail order companies were making decisions in areas such as product design, fabric selection and procurement, and apparel production, which in turn influenced production scheduling, pricing, and delivery dates. Background and Development Womens clothing stores were introduced in Europe in the late 1700sslightly later in the American coloniesat a time when productive capability, population, and prosperity allowed clothing production to move out of the house and into the factory, and clothes to move into retail stores. Around this time, seamstresses began opening shops offering custom-made hats, dresses, cloaks, or other garments. These garments of the latest fashion were for those who could afford to hire out the work of stitching. Trading posts in the frontier areas carried cloth and some ready-made apparel. The invention of the sewing machine, the rise of mass production, and the proliferation of retail stores by the late nineteenth century led people first to sample and later to rely on ready-made clothing for sale as a reliable means of obtaining fashionable clothing. In the 1890s, ready-to-wear clothing came into its own, and by the turn of the century ready-made womens wear was available in abundance in the Unit ed States. By the 1920s, it was considered more fashionable to buy clothing from a store than to make it at home. For many years, the department store and the downtown womens shop were the mainstays of womens wear retailing. Department stores offering a vast selection of goods and specialty stores catering to unique tastes dotted the urban landscape. For those with enough money, shopping became a social event. Along with the growth of womens clothing retailing came the increasing importance of fashion. The womens  apparel industry established a voice in government through the National Retail Federation (NRF), the trade group representing the entire spectrum of the nations retail industry. In the early and mid-1990s, the NRF lobbied the U.S. Congress on issues such as minimum wages and the proposed health care plan. The NRF was opposed to an increase in the minimum wage on the grounds that many retailers would have to close down operations or fire staff to meet expenses with a higher wage base. In 1994, Womens Wear Daily reported that the NRF opposed the Clinton administrations proposed univers al health coverage on the grounds that more than 700,000 jobs would have to be eliminated in all retailing. At that time only 35 percent of retail workers received health care benefits. The NRF supported a plan that emphasized offering health coverage but did not require employers to pay for that coverage and allowed for the creation of purchasing pools for group insurance. Heading into the twenty-first century, dedicated womens stores faced renewed competition from alternative retail venues offering specialty or general line womens apparel in addition to other product lines. Sporting goods retailers were devising new strategies to increase womens apparel business. In 1995, womens apparel ranged from 10 percent to 40 percent of store merchandise. Sporting goods retailers saw strong potential in the womens apparel market. Retailers increased floor space to accommodate womens products; set up womens departments; increased stock of best-selling brands; and held store events to draw more female customers. Department stores also responded to the increased demand for womens apparel and began rep ositioning themselves to win back the customers they had lost to more focused outlets like The Gap and The Limited. Such retailers as Bloomingdales and Dayton Hudson revamped the womens apparel collections. The large-sized womens clothing market grabbed the attention of clothing retailers in the mid-1990s with sales reaching $20 billion and claiming 24.7 percent of the market. The key factors that influenced these sales were an increase in fashions featuring younger silhouettes and the use of better fabrics. Lane Bryant, a division of The Limited Inc., brought in more fashionable clothes and worked to change the perception of large-size fashion. Our customer wants to wear the exact same fashion her skinny friends wear, noted Lane Bryants chief executive Jill Dean in a 1999 Wall Street Journal interview. One of the hottest growth areas in retailing  during the late 1990s was discounting. Clothing retailers saw an opportunity to bring fashionable clothes at reasonable prices to the masses. In 2002, Target was the countrys third-largest discounter and a $40 billion division of the Dayton Hudson Cor poration. Nearly 35 percent of Targets sales come from the clothing department. Old Navy, a division of The Gap, was launched in 1994 to compete with stores like Sears and Target with this concept in mind. As the United States initiated the war with Iraq in March of 2003, the U.S. economy remained soft and consumers remained cautious. As a result, the clothing industry reported sales numbers below those previously forecasted, down 6 to 7 percent rather than the anticipated 3 to 4 percent for the month. The retailers with the most successor least amount of declinewere those that offered moderate-priced, affordable sportswear that combined the right amount of fashion with value. By the end of 2003, the industry saw increased spending again, a trend that continued into 2004. Dresses, skirts, and tailored clothing all declined in overall sales and units sold, but increases were seen in lingerie, suits, swimwear, and knit shirts. Tops were hailed as the new accessory in 2005, and women were being bolder about choices in this division, while preferring more versatile, classic apparel items in other categories such as slacks. The so-called career/casual market was on the upswing, as women looked for clothing that could easily make the transition from work to leisure. While fashion was important in the mid-2000s, so was the desire to simplify. Although higher-end, upscale items were increasing in demand, women still looked for the bargain, leading to an increase in the affordable luxury category as well. While overall spending was up, the average price per item was down. Retailers also continued to target junior shoppers as a consistent source for revenues. Young consumers, who tend to have more disposable income than older shoppers, spend more money on clothing and are more conscious of fashion trends. In 2007, those junior shoppers were interested in buying dresses, as were most other women. According to a report by The NPD Group, revenues from sales of dresses increased 30.4 percent overall for the 12-month period ending in April 2007. For juniors, the jump was 53.3 percent, while the sales of misses dresses rose 33.1 percent and the sale of petite dresses 31.6 percent. During that 12-month period, sales of womens apparel in general increased 5.1 percent. Even with positive signs  in sales heading into the late 2000s, an uncertain economy had one of the stronger chains slimming down to improve profitability. Despite net sales that rose 2.3 percent in 2007 to approximately $2.4 billion, Ann Taylor Stores Corporation announced in January 2008 that it planned to close 117 stores from 2008 through 2010 as a restructuring of the business. Current Conditions Retailers are crafting marketing and merchandising campaigns around the new normal, making a bid for female shoppers still shell-shocked by the biggest economic downturn since The Great Depression. Consequently, consumer spending patterns have been changing and will likely continue to evolve. The average consumer was shifting to fewer purchases. One market research firm that follows the industry reported sales of womens clothing fell 2.8 percent in 2008 and 4.9 percent in 2009. Industry watchers dont see the downward trend changing anytime soon, especially since income levels were on the decline and the unemployment rate remained at high levels and apparel in general being a discretionary purchase was suffering because of the weak economy. In one survey conducted by ShopperScape by Ohio-based Retail Forward based on all age groups and income levels found over half of women shoppers will replace only their worn out clothing. Additionally, when it comes to buying clothing, shoes, and accessories the mentality was to trade down selecting the less expensive brands. Additionally, women shoppers were much more value oriented then in years past. The mentality to shop till you drop was now labeled frugal shopper seeking out the less expensive designer replicas. Some womens clothing stores underwent significant restructuring downsizing throughout the late 2000s. One industry leader, Ann Taylor Stores including their LOFT stores shed 60 stores in 2008, followed by another 42 stores in 2009 with about another 72 announced to close in 2010. Of the estimated 174 store closures, half would be Ann Taylor Stores and about half would be LOFT stores. Industry Leaders Some of the leaders in the womens clothing store retail industry in the United States were The Gap, Inc., Limited Brands, Inc., Charming Shoppes, Inc., Talbots, Inc., Ann Taylor Stores Corporation, and the Dress Barn, Inc. The Gap, founded in 1969 by Don and Doris Fisher in San Francisco, has  become an international specialty retailer offering mens, womens, and childrens casual clothing and accessories. The Gap operated thousands of stores in six countries, including The Gap, GapKids, Baby Gap, GapBody, Banana Republic, and Old Navy Clothing Co. The Gap has stores in the United States, Japan, the United Kingdom, Canada, France, and Germany. The company reported $15.9 billion in revenues for 2007. The Gap expanded quickly in the 1980s, purchasing the Banana Republic chain in 1983, launching GapKids, and BabyGap in 1986, and opening its first overseas store in London in 1987. By 1990 The Gap was one of the most successful apparel retailers and the second largest clothing brand in th e United States. One of the biggest successes for The Gap was the Old Navy division, launched in 1994. In less than three years, The Gap opened 282 Old Navy stores and hit sales of $1 billion. Gap Online was introduced in November 1997. Limited Brands, Inc., the top U.S. womens apparel retailer, was founded in 1963. Limited Brands, Inc. shed its Express and The Limited apparel chains to focus on its Victorias Secret and Bath Body Works stores. The company operated 2,900 specialty stores in North America in 2007. Sales for 2007 reached $10.7 billion. The leader in plus size apparel, Charming Shoppes, Inc., had Fashion Bug and Catherines Plus Size stores, and had acquired Lane Bryant from Limited Brands in 2001. The company reported 2007 sales of $3.1 billion. Talbots, Inc., with nearly 1,380 stores carrying traditional clothing and accessories, reported $2.2 billion in 2007 sales. Ann Taylor Stores, which catered to customers looking for upscale, classic clothing, reported 2007 sales of $2.4 billion. The Dress Barn catered to the professional woman on a budget. The company had $1.3 billion in 2007 sales. With 2,100 stores globally, The Gap reported revenues of $15.7 billion in 2008, falling to $14.1 billion in 2010 with 135,000 employees. Limited Brands, Inc. also saw their revenues decline fro $10.1 billion in 2008 to $8.6 billion in 2010 with 92,100 employees. From a reported $3 billion in sales for 2008, Charming Shoppes, Inc.s revenue plummeted to nearly $2.1 billion in 2010 with 27,000 employees. Talbots, Inc.s total number of stores fell from 1,380 in 2007 to 580 in 2010, as did its revenues from nearly $2.3 billion in 2008 to $1.2 billion in 2010 with 9,100 employees. Ann Taylor Stores reported revenues of $1.8 billion in 2010, well below the reported revenues of nearly $1.4 billion in 2008. The company employed  18,800 people. The Dress barn reported revenues of $982 million in 2010.

F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby Essay -- essays research papers

The Great Gatsby   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Everyone wants to be successful in life, but most often people take the wrong ways to get there. In the1920’s the American Dream was something that everyone strived to have. Having a family, money, a big house, and a car meant that someone had succeeded in life. A very important aspect was money, and success was determined greatly by it. This was not true in all cases however. Jay Gatsby was a poor boy who turned into a very wealthy man, but did he live the American Dream? Money is actually the only thing that Gatsby had a lot of. Jay Gatsby tries to live the life of The American Dream, but fails in his battle.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  From his early years Gatsby has his eye one Daisy and throughout his life he is deeply in love with her, but he never marries or even has a life with her. Another one of Gatsby’s goals in life was to be an extremely successful, just like his model Dan Cody, but that plan ends up failing as well. As a part of what Dan Cody taught him, Gatsby attempted to go into business with a man named Meyer Wolfsheim, but failed at that also. For such a long time Gatsby has had his eye on Daisy and has been in love with her, but this does not develop. Gatsby has always gazed at the green light on Daisy’s porch. Jordan Baker says, â€Å"Gatsby bought that house so that Daisy would be across the bay.† The color green is traditionally a symbol of hop and youth and that is what Gatsby is hoping to find beyond it. When Gatsby and Daisy meet, he tells her about how he has watched the green light that burns at the end of her dock. For so long that light has been a symbol of his dream, of something he has wanted more than life itself. Gazing at it so much, Gatsby must have believed that if he could only have Daisy he would be eternally happy. In chapter four he suddenly has her and the light is just a light again. It doesn’t seem that Daisy could ever be as wonderful as Gatsby’s dream of her. Dreams, sadly for Gatsby are most often longed for rather than made a reality. Gatsby never ends up getting with Daisy his shining star in life, much of what he lived for.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In his younger years, Gatsby worked on the south shore of Lake Superior earning room and board by digging clams and fishing for salmon. One day he saw the beautiful yacht of the millionaire Dan Cody and borrowe... ..., D. Melvin. 1992. Response of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Alfalfa Cultivans to Salinity During Germination and Post-Germination Growth.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Crop Science 32(4): 976. Bliquees, Gul. 1999. Effect of salinity. light, and temperature on germination in   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Allenrolfea occidentalis. Canadian Journal of Botany 77(2): 240-247. Foderano, Margaret and I.A. Ungar. 1997. Growth and survival of polygonum aviculare   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  L. at a brine-contaminated site in Southeastern Ohio. The American Midland   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Naturalist 138(1): 140-152. Mills A H., J. B. Jones , K. H Tan, L. S Hardnan. 1997. Salts and Plant Nutrition.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Journal of Plant Nutrition 22(12): 1905-1920. Poljahoff-Mayler, A., G.F. Somers, E. Werker, J.L. Gallager. 1994. Seeds of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Kostelstzlsya virginica: Germination and salt tolerance. American Journal of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Botany 81(1): 54. Ungar, I. A. 1996. Effect of salinity on seed germination, growth, and ion accumulation   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  of Atrplex patula. American Journal of Botany 83(5): 60-65.

Absolute and Relative Surplus Value – Seminar

In contemporary social science, the concept of â€Å"value† has attained currency in such disciplines like Economics, Sociology, Political science etc. in these disciplines, value is considered as those essentials needed by members of a society. It is further seen as scarce resources pursued by competing groups. Value in political economy, basically refers to that portion that creates wealth or the so called reward for the â€Å"risk taker†, the entrepreneur.In other words, value refers to that unpaid labour of the worker which the capitalist pockets or recapitalizes. It should be noted that, the concept of value is an integral part of the labour process in general, capitalist commodity production, wear and tear of the working class and of course class antagonism. In essence, the concept of value (Absolute and Relative) cannot be understood without recourse to the mode of production that brings it about as well as the nature of social relations of production.Under capit alism, labour power becomes a commodity and like any commodity, it has its value and use value. The value of any commodity like labour power is determined by the expenditure of social labour on its production and reproduction. Therefore, surplus value is derived from surplus labour of a worker. The worker creates a value which the owner of the means of production appropriates without compensation. Marx’s Das Capital not only revealed the exploitation surrounding the extraction of surplus value, he as well revealed the degree and ratio of exploitation involving the labour power of the workers.In this direction, he maintained that that surplus value can be categorized into â€Å"Absolute and Relative†. With this, Marx gives an analogy of how the value of labour power is used in extending capital. A school master is a productive labour or his labour power becomes of value when he finds himself in a school factory, that he must ensure that teaching and non-teaching staffs become productive as to ensure not only the preservation of capital assets of the owner of the means of production but that they produce surplus value that exceeds the rate of hiring them.Beyond this, Marx situated the social relations of production in historical context which has continued to associate the worker and surplus value creation. From the foregoing, capitalist exploitation of the labour power of workers can be looked at from two angles: the first being the production of Absolute surplus value which becomes possible in the prolongation of the working day. In other words, to Marx, Absolute surplus value is obtained by increasing the amount of time worked per worker in a given time.From one stand point, any distinction between Absolute and Relative surplus value appears illusory. Relative surplus value is Absolute since it compels the absolute prolongation of the working day beyond the labour time necessary to the existence of the labourer himself; While Absolute surplus va lue is relative since it makes necessary such a development of the productiveness of labour, as will allow of the necessary labour time being confined to a portion of the working day.The second way of increasing the degree of the exploitation of labour power through the relative surplus value which is derived by a reduction of the necessary labour time without any changes in the working day. For Marx, it is possible to reduce the labour time primarily by increasing social labour productivity in branches producing means of subsistence for the workers. Consequently, both the Absolute and Relative surplus value are defined within the logic of the establishment of capitalism which perpetually subjects labour to capital.Again, Marx tries to highlight the differences between the Absolute and Relative surplus value, which he says is defined with the establishment of the capitalist mode of production; that is it is the prolongation of the working day beyond the point at which the labourer w ould have produced just an equivalent for the value of his labour power, and the appropriation of that surplus labour by capital. Although, as a special method of reducing relative surplus value, he continues capitalist industries get operated by by the army of workers themselves with the ultimate aim of ensuring the revolution of the entire capitalist production.It is with regard to the forgoing, that the author presupposes that when the above two conditions that creates surplus value for the capitalists are absent or when the labour spends all his labour time for the reproduction of himself, then the cycle of capital reproduction is obstructed and class division disappears. However, Marx goes on to say that the increasing complexity of the needs of society has correspondingly increased the absolute and relative surplus value extracted in the process of production.Regarding the origin of surplus value and labour power from its engagement, Marx is of the opinion that it was influenc ed under two conditions: The first being the subsistence of workers when man gathered natural wealth for subsistence. The second is market conditions when market production got underway, instruments of labour such as navigable rivers, wood, coal, metal etc became important in the capitalist production of goods and services. Inhering from the consequence of commercial production is the issue of climatic change which is caused the excessive demand for consumer goods.So, the lesser the natural wants of man; the greater the fertility of the soil and the suitable climatic conditions and ultimately, the less impoverished the labourer. From the foregoing, the capitalist mode of production, according to Marx, thrives on man’s assertiveness on the wealth of nature. The differentiation of the fertility of the soil and its components such as the changes of the seasons informs social division of labour in societies and by extension multiplied human wants, his capabilities, means of produ ction and surplus value. t therefore follows that human labour is the only source of new economic value since it is indispensable for the conservation and transfer economic value (maintenance and redistribution of capital assets). In other words, the ability of the capitalist to manipulate the surplus labour time in order to produce surplus product is the starting point for the extraction of surplus value. Bourgeois economists such as David Ricardo did not see surplus value as the driving force behind the productiveness of labour rather as an essential part of labour production that determines surplus value.Again, this view of the Bourgeois scholars contrasts from that of the merchantilists which believe that surplus value originates from the aspect of exchange of the labour product above its original value. Another, bourgeois scholar with yet another perspective is John Stuart Mill who sees surplus value as inhering from the duration of the product of labour. In other words, Mill b elieved surplus value can still be made without the exchange value of commodities. But, in reality, surplus value can be derived from subtracting the total expenditure made in the process of production and exchange from the final price of the commodity.Surplus value is in fact the main goal and the driving force of capitalist production. It is also important to note that it is on the basis of the engagement of labour power that surplus value is extracted. Since capital needs a steady flow of labour power to preserve the capital assets and provide surplus value, it is where the mystery of capitalist exploitation lies, it becomes pertinent to examine the views of Karl Marx on the following Sub themes: CHANGES OF MAGNITUDE INTHE PRICE OF LABOUR POWER AND IN SURPLUS VALUE: Labour power is determined by the expenditure of social labour on its production and reproduction. In other words, in order to live and work, a worker has to have food, clothes, housing, etc , in order to meet his nee ds and fulfill his role as a member of society. Essentially, for Marx, there are three important factors that determine the value of labour power: i.The value of the necessaries required by the worker ii. The expenses involved in skills acquisition of the labourer iii. The value of the means of subsistence required to maintain the worker’s family. In addition, labour power has a specific use value which no other commodity possesses. For example, the use value of commodities such as bread, clothes, footwear, writing materials, etc is fully used up in the process of consumption while the use value of labour power has the capacity to produce more value than it has itself.This also constitutes the cradle of capitalist exploitation and appropriation of surplus value. It is based o the above premise that Marx underscores that the Relative magnitudes of surplus value and of price of labour power are determined by three circumstances: a. The length of the working day b. The normal in tensity of labour c. The productiveness of labour The above factors or circumstances could variously be combined. One of the three factors could be constant and the others variable or two constant and one variable or lastly all three simultaneously variable.The following analogy further explains the various combinations that determine the relative magnitudes of surplus value and the value of labour power: LENGTH OF THE WORKING DAY AND INTENSITY OF LABOUR CONSTANT. PRODUCTIVENESS OF LABOUR VARIABLE : The above assumptions are determined by three laws: First, a working day of a given length always creates the same amount of value, irrespective of the productiveness of labour and with it the mass of the product and the price of each of the product may vary.What the capitalist would do in this circumstance in order to extract surplus value is to divide the working day into two parts: The first is the necessary labour time and the other is surplus labour time. The capitalist maximizes th e utility of the surplus labour time in which time the worker expends surplus labour and creates surplus value. Again, Marx added that the outcome of labour process varies with the productiveness of labour. Second, surplus value and the value of labour power vary in opposite directions.A variation in the productiveness of labour, its increase or decrease influence the variation in the opposite direction of the value of labour power and in the same direction in surplus value. In other words, the capitalists through the intensity of labour can reduce the value of labour power, while at the same time increase their extraction of surplus value. Further, the value of labour power cannot fall and consequently surplus value cannot rise without a rise in the productiveness of labour.For instance, a working day of seven hours created a value of #10,000 as a constant. The constant quantity is the sum of the surplus value plus the value of labour power; therefore, neither of them can increase without the other diminishing. It then follows that the value of the labour power cannot decrease from #10,000 to #8,000 unless an increase in the productiveness of labour makes it possible to produce in five hours the same quantity of necessaries as previously required in 7 hours to produce.On the other hand, the value of the labour power cannot rise from #10,000 to #12,000 without a decrease in the productiveness of labour, whereby 9 hours become sufficient to produce the same quantity of necessaries for the production of which 7 hours previously sufficed. Third, increase or diminution in surplus value depends on the corresponding diminution or increase in the value of labour power. Every change of magnitude in surplus value arises from an inverse change of magnitude in the value of labour power.According to this third law, a change in the magnitude of surplus value presupposes a movement in the value of labour power, which movement is brought about by a variation in the productiv eness of labour. WORKING DAY CONSTANT. PRODUCTIVENESS OF LABOUR CONSTANT. INTENSITY OF LABOUR VARIABLE : In this case, increased intensity of labour in a constant working day of 7 hours will amount to more products than one of less intense labour. Productiveness of labour will also result in more products in a given day of 7 hours.Evidently, the mass of surplus value can be increased both by increasing the rate of the exploitation of labour power and by increasing the number of wage workers. In addition, the reduction of the value of the workers means of subsistence and consequently the value of labour power or a reduction of the necessary labour time and increase in the surplus labour time can generate surplus value in the process of capitalist production. Again, technology increases surplus value at the expense of labour power.In fact, capitalism as a social system puts all the achievements of the technical progress at the service of non-working, parasitic classes and dooms the wo rking class to poverty and rightlessness. Machines serve to intensify the exploitation of labour and wear out the human organism at a faster pace. When the value created by a day’s labour increases from #8,000 to #10,000, then the two parts into which this value is divided, ie price of labour power and surplus value may both increase simultaneously, equally or unequally.Here, the rise in the price of labour power does not necessarily imply that the price has risen above the value of labour power. On the contrary, the rise in price may be accompanied by a fall in value. This occurs whenever the rise in the price of labour power does not compensate for its increased wear and tear. PRODUCTIVENESS AND INTENSITY OF LABOUR CONSTANT. LENGTH OF THE WORKING DAY VARIABLE: The length of the working day creates a greater or less amount of value. In addition, every change between the magnitudes of surplus value and the value of labour power arises from a change in the absolute magnitudes of the surplus labour.Furthermore, the absolute value of labour can change only in consequence of the reaction exercised by the prolongation of surplus labour upon the wear and tear of labour power. From the foregoing, one can conclude that: A shortening of the working day under the conditions leaving the value of labour power and its necessary labour time unaltered; it then reduces the surplus labour and surplus value. A change in the productiveness and intensity of labour either precedes or immediately follows a shortening of the working day.Second, if the working day be lengthened say 2 hours and the price of labour power remain altered; the surplus value increases both absolutely and relatively. In other words, the change of relative magnitude in the value of labour power is the result of the change of absolute magnitude in surplus value. The point to be emphasized here is that the wear and tear of workers is not adequately compensated in Nigeria. SIMULTANEUOS VARIATIONS IN THE DURATION, PRODUCTIVENESS AND INTENSITY OF LABOUR The ifferent variations are capable of counteracting one another, either wholly or in part. In speaking of diminishing productiveness of labour, it is in relation with those industries whose products takes care of the subsistence of the worker such as the fertility of the soil and the consequent dearness of its products like food, shelter, clothes, etc. In the latter case, should there be no change in the working day, the capitalists will experience a fall in surplus value because the price of the labour power required for production would have increased.Therefore, with diminishing productiveness of labour and a simultaneous lengthening of the working day, the absolute magnitude of surplus value may continue unaltered, at the same time that its relative magnitude diminishes; its relative magnitude may continue unchanged at the same time that its absolute magnitude increases; both the absolute magnitude and relative magnitude may incre ase in so far as the duration of the working day is sufficient. On the other hand, the increasing productiveness of labour with a simultaneous shortening of the necessary labour time results in the relative surplus value.When the productiveness of labour is as a result of increasing social labour productivity in branches producing means of subsistence for the workers and their families, it serves to reduce the value of labour power and subsequently produces absolute and relative surplus value when the necessary labour time is reduced at the expense of the surplus labour time. However, the more the productiveness of labour increases, the more can the working day be shortened; and the more the working day is shortened , the more can the productiveness of labour increase.VARIOUS FORMULAE FOR THE RATE OF SURPLUS VALUE: The rate of surplus value in production is defined by Marx as the volume of surplus value produced by the workforce divided by the variable capital expended to produce: a Surplus value S = Surplus value = Surplus labour Variable capital V Value of labour power Necessary labour b. Surplus labour =Surplus value =Surplus product Working day Value of the Product Total ProductHere, the intensity and productiveness of labour embodied in a working day depicts the degree of exploitation of labour. The formula for the mass of surplus value (S) is = S’x V, where S is the rate of surplus value and V is the variable capital advanced for the remuneration of all the workers. Evidently, the mass of surplus can be increased both by increasing the rate of the exploitation of labour power and by increasing the number of wage workers. Conclusion: